The clich茅 goes that the best translation work is invisible: when translation鈥檚 done well, the reader feels like the text was written in their language, just for them. But there鈥檚 perhaps an even more invisible type of linguistic work that we do on a regular basis: English adaptation. The exact definition of what constitutes adaptation is a fuzzy one, but it can range from simply changing a few spellings to a deep, thoughtful localisation that considers syntax, colloquial expressions, cultural references and even what information is important in different cultures.
The most common language combination we encounter is听 to , although occasionally we鈥檙e asked to work in the other direction. There are of course other national standards for English too, such as , and , each with their own wrinkles and idiosyncrasies.听
You鈥檝e lost me, mate
But why is adaptation necessary? Can鈥檛 English speakers understand each other鈥檚 dialects easily enough that changing a text written in one anglophone country so it conforms with the standards of another鈥檚 is a waste of time? Well, though it鈥檚 true that most of the message gets across, the differences are greater than they may seem at first. Also, UK audiences in particular can find US English unfamiliar and alienating, and in some cases even downright irritating.
Not only is there an entirely different set of cultural references, but national senses of humour diverge greatly.
A classic scenario where the differences in English become apparent is in films and TV programmes that have crossed the Atlantic in either direction. Not only is there an entirely different set of cultural references, but national senses of humour diverge greatly. Most Brits have experienced the feeling of not getting a joke in an American film or TV programme because the cultural reference didn鈥檛 translate, and I鈥檓 sure that the feeling is mutual.
A couple of examples from my childhood that always puzzled me were 鈥渓amars classes鈥, which I didn鈥檛 find out until relatively far into adulthood are actually called 鈥溾. I also remember being baffled about 鈥淎ltoids鈥 (a type of mint common in the US, but to me some mysterious body part, mentioned in听) and 鈥淭riscuits鈥 (mentioned in the听听episode 鈥淭he One with the Baby Shower鈥). I thought the latter was spelt 鈥渢risket鈥 and was some kind of ancient weapon.
These strange terms not only caused confusion, but they made me feel like I wasn鈥檛 in on the joke. If you鈥檙e a marketer from the US launching your product on the UK market, you run the risk of making your British audience feel the same way if you don鈥檛 get your marketing content adapted.
By the same token, it鈥檚 important to stay authentic to your brand and its values. Sometimes your brand鈥檚 cultural roots and heritage is what makes it stand out in your target market 鈥 , for example.听
However, no matter what sector you operate in, some level of localisation will be required, whether that鈥檚 for product, marketing or even internal communications.
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The adaptation spectrum
Approach 1: Reproofing
As mentioned at the start of this post, adaptation means different things to different people. For many clients, it can be as simple as changing a few zeds (or zees) to esses and jettisoning the odd , along with changing date formats, . We can call this type of adaptation reproofing, as it normally just involves skim-reading the source text.
Approach 2: Traditional adaptation
Sometimes this is enough: for example in business reports or technical manuals. Often though, clients want us to go further, changing terminology where relevant and possibly even phrasing. This is what clients normally mean by adaptation.
Approach 3: Full localisation
At the furthest end of the spectrum, clients want us to consider all of the above, plus the connotations of particular turns of phrase that might offend in the target market, as well as cultural references that could be lost on the target audience. In this way, the job becomes much more like a transcreation or localisation project, and requires considerable time, research and effort, rather than a simple spell check.听Let鈥檚 call this type full localisation. This type of project doesn鈥檛 come along every day, but when it does it can be the most impactful on the client鈥檚 target audience, as well as the most fun for linguists to work on.
We can visualise these types of adaptation on a spectrum:
As you can see, each requires a different approach and level of commitment. The tools used for each type of work also vary.
What鈥檚 the actual difference between US and UK English?听
Sometimes the line between US and UK English is not as clear-cut as it may seem. Spelling differences are easy to identify, as is the American propensity to capitalise the first letter of every word in headings. Then there are the famous terms all native English speakers know:听truck听vs听lorry,听candy听vs听sweets,听autumn听vs听fall. Depending on the domain and text type, the density of such terms can vary greatly.
What鈥檚 harder to pin down is the feeling that many British English speakers have that something just 鈥渟ounds American鈥. This gut reaction is not always rooted in solid linguistics: many terms have crossed the Atlantic in both directions, and American English preserves many archaic terms that had their origins in the British Isles.
The sum of these hundreds of tiny stylistic choices can be much greater than its parts.
There are certain tendencies that crop up again and again. Brits are quite fond of the perfect tense 鈥 most preferring听I鈥檝e already eaten听to the American听I already ate. This extends to the common phrase听Forgot password?, which is rendered as听Forgotten password?听in UK localisations of many web services. The way both nations use modal verbs varies quite substantially too:听must听is more common in US English than UK English, whereas听shall听is barely used west of the Atlantic despite still being in daily use in the UK.
The minute differences are too numerous to list here, and many resources exist that map out the differences in spelling, vocabulary and syntax. However, the sum of these hundreds of tiny stylistic choices can be much greater than its parts. They all combine to create a general sound, a feel, that many native English speakers can detect even if they can鈥檛 point out exactly what sounds odd about a particular construction.
Identifying all the possible changes that can be made is a complex task and requires an intimate knowledge of linguistic norms on either side of the Atlantic, as well as a keen eye. Often in cases of uncertainty, linguists must rely on gut instinct or straw polls of colleagues to check the validity of the changes they wish to make.
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